BIOLOGY
Room 103, Ellington Biology Building
(901)-678-2581

RANDALL BAYER , PhD
Chair

GARY VOELKER, PhD
Coordinator of Graduate Studies
(901) 678-1386

E-mail: grad_studies_coordinator@memphis.edu
http://biology.memphis.edu

I. The Department of Biology offers programs that lead to the Master of Science (thesis and non-thesis) and the Doctor of Philosophy. Graduate faculty members in the department have diverse interests covering most of the major fields of biology and taxa of organisms. Details about admission and degree requirements are presented in the sections below:

II. MS Degree Program

Program objectives are: (1) understanding biological principles, concepts, and theories, and in-depth knowledge in a chosen specialty; (2) developing expertise in experimental design, data analysis, and oral and written presentation of research results; and (3) being competitive for professional positions in the biological sciences.

A. Program Admission

1. An overall minimum grade point average of 2.75 (on a 4.0 scale) at the undergraduate level.
2. Two letters of recommendation.
3. Scores for the Graduate Record Examination. A minimum of 500 on both the verbal and quantitative portions of the general component of the GRE is usually competitive.
4. Applicants must have satisfactorily completed ("C" or better) three of the following six upper division courses or their equivalents: BIOL 3050 (Ecology), BIOL 3072 (Genetics), BIOL 3130 (Cell Biology), BIOL 3500 (Microbiology), BIOL 3730 (Vertebrate Physiology), BIOL 4100 (Evolution).
5. Student must have satisfactorily completed ("C" or better) five of the following nine courses or their equivalents: CHEM 1110 (General Chemistry I), CHEM 1120 (General Chemistry II), CHEM 3311 (Organic Chemistry I), CHEM 3312 (Organic Chemistry II), CHEM 4511 (Biochemistry), PHYS 2010 (Physics I), PHYS 2020 (Physics II), MATH 1910 (Calculus), MATH 1601 (Statistics). Other courses in the sciences may substitute for these requirements.
6. International students for whom English is not their native language must submit proof that they have taken the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL); acceptable minimums are 550 for paper-based and 210 for computer-based exams. Applicants desiring departmental support via a Graduate Teaching Assistantship must also take the Test of Spoken English (TSE); a score of 50 is the minimum accepted. Both exams are available from the Educational Testing Service at http://www.ets.org.

B. Program Requirements (Thesis)

1. A minimum of 30 semester hours beyond the baccalaureate degree is required.
2. A grade point average of 3.0 must be maintained. A student whose grade point average drops below 3.0 will have one semester to raise his or her GPA to 3.0 or better. Continuation of a student who fails to reach a 3.0 overall GPA during two semesters while in the graduate program is at the discretion of the Graduate Studies Committee (in consultation with the student's Advisory Committee).
3. BIOL 7000, 7004, 7200, 7600, and 7996. Attendance at departmental seminars is mandatory. BIOL 7000 must be completed during the first year of residence and BIOL 7600 in the last semester.
4. All students are required to take and pass a standardized written Comprehensive Examination before the end of their fifth semester in residence. The scope of this examination is broad and includes a review of general biological principles in the following disciplines: Cell Biology, Genetics, Evolution, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Ecology, and Physiology.
5. Presentation of research (7600) and a thesis (7996) as approved by the student's Advisory Committee. NOTE: Students electing to write a thesis should familiarize themselves with the Thesis/Dissertation Preparation Guide before starting to write.
6. Pass a final oral examination administered by the student's advisory committee.

C. Program Requirements (Non-thesis)

1. A minimum of 36 semester hours of graduate courses is required. The total number of semester hours required for graduation will be determined by the student's Advisory Committee based on academic background. No more than 3 semester hours can be satisfied by BIOL 7092.
2. BIOL 7000, 7004, and 7092. BIOL 7000 must be completed during the first year of residence. Attendance at departmental seminars is mandatory. Though students will not present in BIOL 7092, their participation is expected.
3. A grade point average of 3.0 must be maintained. A student whose grade point average drops below 3.0 will have one semester to raise his or her GPA to 3.0 or better. Continuation of a student who fails to reach a 3.0 overall GPA during two semesters while in the graduate program is at the discretion of the Graduate Studies Committee (in consultation with the student's Advisory Committee).
4. All students are required to take and pass a standardized written Comprehensive Examination before the end of their fifth semester in residence. The scope of this examination is broad and includes a review of general biological principles in the following disciplines: Cell Biology, Genetics, Evolution, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Ecology, and Physiology.

III. PhD Degree Program

Program objectives are: (1) understanding of biological principles, concepts, and theories, and in-depth knowledge in a chosen specialty; (2) development of expertise in experimental design, data analysis, and oral and written presentation of research results; and (3) to be competitive for professional positions in the biological sciences.

A. Program Admission

1. Prospective doctoral student must either hold a MS or a BS degree from a recognized institution.
2. All students will be required to submit satisfactory scores for the General Placement Test of the Graduate Record Examination with application to enter the Graduate School . A score of 550 in both the verbal and quantitative portions of the GRE is usually competitive.
3. Two letters of recommendation.
4. A potential major professor must be identified prior to acceptance.
5. A personal interview with departmental personnel is recommended but is not required.
6. Students applying with a BS must have at least a 3.0 GPA.
7. All applicants must have satisfactorily completed ("C" or better) four of the following six upper division courses or their equivalents: BIOL 3050 (Ecology), BIOL 3072 (Genetics), BIOL 3130 (Cell Biology), BIOL 3500 (Microbiology), BIOL 3730 (Vertebrate Physiology), BIOL 4100 (Evolution).
8. All applicants must have satisfactorily completed ("C" or better) seven of the following nine courses or their equivalents: CHEM1110 (General Chemistry I), CHEM1120 (General Chemistry II), CHEM3311 (Organic Chemistry I), CHEM3312 (Organic Chemistry II), CHEM4511 (Biochemistry), PHYS2010 (Physics I), PHYS2020 (Physics II), MATH11910 (Calculus), MATH1601 (Statistics). Other courses in the sciences may substitute for these requirements.
9. International students for which English is not their native language must submit proof that they have taken the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL); acceptable minimums are 550 for paper-based and 210 for computer-based exams. Applicants desiring departmental support via a Graduate Teaching Assistantship must also take the Test of Spoken English (TSE); a score of 50 is the minimum accepted. Both exams are available from the Educational Testing Service at http://www.ets.org.

B. Program Requirements

1. A minimum of three academic years (72 credit hours) beyond the baccalaureate degree is required. A student entering the PhD program with a MS degree will be awarded 30 semester hours toward the 72 hours requirement. A minimum of 30 semester hours must be taken in residence.

2. BIOL 8000, 8004, 8200, 8092, 8103, 8200, 8600, and 9000. BIOL 8000 must be completed during the first year of residence. Attendance at departmental seminar is mandatory. BIOL 8000 or an equivalent must have been completed by the end of first year of residence. Up to nine hours of BIOL 8092, five hours of BIOL 8200, and 18 hours of BIOL 9000 can be counted toward the degree requirements.

3. Foreign Language and Research - Students are required to demonstrate competence in a foreign language or research tool, or both. Completion of this requirement will be determined by each student's Advisory Committee.

4. Becoming a Ph.D. Candidate is a three-step process that must be completed by the end of the third year.

a. Successful completion of a General Knowledge Examination of broad scope that includes a review of general biological principles in the following disciplines: Cell Biology, Genetics, Evolution, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Ecology, and Physiology.

b. A written and oral presentation of the student's Research Prospectus that details the plan of research must be approved by the Advisory Committee prior to collection of data.

c. A Comprehensive Examination will be administered by the student's Advisory Committee following completion of the above two requirements. The examination will consist of both a written and an oral component.

6. A minimum of one published or fully accepted paper in a national or international peer reviewed scientific journal approved by the Advisory Committee is required.

7. Dissertation Defense and Final Examination - The final examination will be conducted by the chair of the student's advisory committee. The committee will consist, insofar as possible, of the same persons involved in the specialized knowledge examination. The final examination will be an oral defense of the dissertation and will be announced and open to the public. Upon successful completion of the examination and all degree requirements, the committee will recommend awarding the PhD.

BIOLOGY (BIOL)

6050. Field Technique in Ecology. (4). Applied ecology covering practical training in forest, field, aquatic, and atmospheric sampling and analysis. Extended field trips. Two lecture, four laboratory hours per week; $20 material fee. PREREQUISITE: Consent of instructor.

6052. Flora of Tennessee. (3). Field course in identifying native and nonnative species, including key morphological factors necessary to identify plant species, typical habitats of the species identified, and proper procedures for collecting and mounting specimens. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

6053. Plant Ecology. (4). Relationships of plants and environmental factors at physiological, population, and community scales; ecosystem dynamics at local and landscape scales; emphasis on field techniques. Two lecture, four laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

6054. Wetland Ecology. (4). Wetlands and wetland resources; attributes of hydrology, biogeochemistry and wetland plants with emphasis on bottomland hardwood forests. Two lecture, four laboratory hours per week; $20 material fee. PREREQUISITES: BIOL 3050 and consent of instructor.

6055. Ecological and Environmental Issues. (3). Ecological perspective on current environmental issues such as conservation and biodiversity, global climatic change, and regulation of chemicals in the environment. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

6056. Tropical Ecology. (4). Lecture and field intensive course in ecology of the tropics. International travel required for laboratory portion of course. Two lecture hours, four laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 3050.

6057. Large River Ecology. (3). Investigates physical and biological processes of large river systems, concentrating on Mississippi River channel and floodplain ecology; includes key factors controlling flooding regime, physical processes of rivers, and communities associated with floodplain and in-channel habitats. Offered alternate summers at Edward J. Meeman Biology Station.

6060. Limnology. (4). Physical and chemical attributes of lakes, ponds and streams; organisms of fresh water; problems of production; laboratory work emphasizes Tennessee lakes, and practical training in limnological methods and identification of organisms. Two lecture, four laboratory hours per week; $25 material fee. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

6071. Human Genetics. (3). Genetic principles as they apply to humans, including pedigree analysis, genetic counseling, cancer, and genomics. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 3072.

6090-6099. Special Topics. (1-3). Topics are varied and announced in Online course listings; may be repeated with different topics for a maximum of 4 hours. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

6100. Evolution. (3). Synthesis of principles and concepts of modern evolutionary theory; geological evolution, biological evolution, and evolution of societies; emphasis on recent developments and current controversies. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

6150. Developmental Biology. (3). (MMCS 6150). Introduction to study of developing biological systems at cellular and molecular level. PREREQUISITES: BIOL 3072 and CHEM 3312.

6350. Microbial Biotechnology. (3). (MMCS 6350). Principles underlying practical applications of microorganisms, including synthesis of commercial products, vaccines and antibodies, bioremediation and biomass utilization, plant biotechnology, and food production. PREREQUISITES: BIOL 3550 and CHEM 3312.

6375. Molecular Biology of Parasites and Their Vectors. (3). (MMCS 6375). Emphasis on molecular and immunological aspects of parasites of humans, companion animals, and livestock; biology, treatment, and prevention of parasitic diseases . PREREQUISITE: BIOL 3130 or 3550.

6380. Histology: Tissue and Organ Biology (4). (MMCS 6380). Histology, with emphasis on the relationship between structure and function in mammalian tissues and organs; human histology emphasized. Three lecture, three laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

6401. Plant Cell and Molecular Biology. (3). (MMCS 6400). The cellular and molecular basis of plant development, including plant hormones, signal transduction, regulation by light, plant-microbe interactions, and plant transformation. PREREQUISITES: BIOL 3130 and BIOL 3072.

6440. Pathogenic Bacteriology. (3). (MMCS 6440). Survey of pathogenic bacteria, human and veterinary diseases they cause, and methods of diagnosis; molecular basis of pathogenesis. Introduction to immunological principles and immunity. PREREQUISITES: BIOL 3550 and CHEM 3312.

6445. Immunology. (3). (MMCS 6445, BIOL 6444). Antigens, immunoglobulin classes, cells and cytokines of immune response, complement system, hypersensitivities, blood groups, vaccines, and immunity. PREREQUISITES: BIOL 3130 or 3500 and CHEM 1120.

6450. Microbial Ecology. (3). (MMCS 6450). Roles of microorganisms in the environment; microbial processes, interactions with the environment and biota, population ecology, community ecology, and biodegradation. PREREQUISITE: Consent of instructor.

6461. Advanced General Microbiology Laboratory. (2). (MMCS 6460). Application of modern laboratory techniques and instrumentation to experiments in microbial physiology, genetics, ecology, and biotechnology. Four laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITES: BIOL 3505 and 3550.

6465. Advanced Medical Microbiology Laboratory. (2). (MMCS 6465). Application of modern laboratory techniques and instrumentation to experiments in pathogenic bacteriology, immunology, virology, and parasitology. Four laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITES: BIOL 3505 and 3550.

6470. Molecular Genetics. (4). (MMCS 6470). Structure, function, and replication of DNA, recombination, colinearity of DNA with genetic map, mutagenesis, plasmids, genetic code, protein synthesis, suppression, regulation of gene expression, genetic engineering, and immunogenetics. For students without formal training in molecular genetics. Four lecture hours per week. PREREQUISITES: BIOL 3072 and BIOL 3130 or 3500.

6480. Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology. (3). Provides basic understanding of mechanisms by which therapeutic agents regulate physiological function of cells comprising organ systems such as the heart and central nervous system; drug action (pharmacodynamics) addressed at the melocular, cellular, and organ level, as well as common diseases affecting a system. PREREQUISITES: CHEM 1120 and BIOL 3130.

6501. Virology. (3). (MMCS 6501). Introductory study of viruses of human and veterinary significance, and methods of cultivation, isolation, and characterization; study of pathogenic mechanisms. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 3550.

6503. Biochemistry Laboratory I. (2). (MMCS 6503). (Same as CHEM 6501). Survey of common biochemical techniques and the properties of biological molecules; emphasis on purification and assay of enzymes and on enzyme kinetics. Six laboratory hours per week; $40 material fee . PREREQUISITES: CHEM 3301 and CHEM 3302 or 3201. PREREQUISITE OR COREQUISITE: BIOL 6511 or CHEM 6511.

6504. Biochemistry Laboratory II. (2). (MMCS 6504). (Same as CHEM 6502). Biochemical laboratory techniques; emphasis on nucleic acids and recombinant DNA techniques. Six laboratory hours per week; $40 material fee. PREREQUISITES: BIOL 6511 or CHEM 6511 and BIOL 4325 or 4470 or consent of instructor.

6511. Biochemistry I. (3). (MMCS 6511). (Same as CHEM 6511). Chemistry of amino acids and proteins related to their properties in biochemical systems; enzymology, including kinetics and conformation studies; coenzymes and their functions; importance of pH; bioenergetics; chemistry of carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleotides. PREREQUISITE: CHEM 3312.

6512. Biochemistry II. (3). (MMCS 6512). (Same as CHEM 6512). Metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and nucleotides, with emphasis on mammalian systems; biochemistry of RNA and DNA, including their relationship to biosynthesis of proteins, DNA and RNA. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 6511 or CHEM 6511.

6604. Animal Behavior. (4). Animal behavior, primarily from ecological, physiological, developmental, and evolutionary perspective. Three lecture, two laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

6630. General Endocrinology. (3). Anatomy and physiology of the organs of internal secretion; role of hormones in metabolism and development. Three lecture-demonstration hours per week. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

6640. Ornithology. (4). Biology of birds, with emphasis on avian anatomy, physiology, behavior, and reproductive biology. Field trips emphasize identification of local species and techniques of field study. Two lecture, four field/laboratory hours per week; $20 material fee. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

6644. Ichthyology. (4). Fishes, with special emphasis upon the kinds that occur in Tennessee; collection, preservation and identification; life histories, management, and economic importance of fishes. Two lecture, four laboratory hours per week; $20 material fee. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

6651. Field Techniques in Vertebrate Zoology. (4-6). Techniques in extended field study of vertebrates outside the local area. Credit hours to be determined in consultation with instructor. $20 material fee. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

6730. Urban-Wildlife Ecology and Management. (3) Study of interrelations and management of organisms considered part of the wildlife realm (game and non-game) in urban environments; provides information required to understand ecological and wildlife issues in urban areas and to develop management strategies for maintaining sustainable natural resources on disturbed landscapes. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 3050 or permission of instructor.

6740. Mammalogy. (4). Classification, distribution, life histories, economic importance, techniques of field study, methods of collection and preservation of mammals. Two lecture, four laboratory hours per week; $20 material fee. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

6744. Herpetology. (4). Classification, distribution, life histories, techniques of collection and preservation, natural habitats of North American reptiles and amphibians. Two lecture, four laboratory hours per week; $35 material fee. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

6745. Tropical Herpetology. (4). Lecture and field-intensive course in herpetology of the tropics; international travel required for laboratory portion of course. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

6840. Invertebrate Zoology. (4). Invertebrate phyla with emphasis on phylogeny, embryology, and ecology of selected groups. Extended field trip. Two lecture, four laboratory hours per week; $20 material fee.

6900. Entomology. (4). Morphology, physiology, behavior, and ecology of insects. Three lecture, two laboratory hours per week; $20 material fee. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 1120 and 1121.

†7000-8000. Orientation to Graduate Studies. (2). Source of literature in field of biology, data presentation, graphic techniques, and manuscript preparation. One lecture, two laboratory hours per week.

†7004-8004. College Biology Teaching. (1). (MMCS 7004-8004). Under faculty supervision, graduate students participate in teaching of laboratory sections of existing undergraduate courses in the biological sciences. Student’s performance evaluated by faculty member in charge and appropriate grade assigned.

†7006-8006. Care and Humane Use of Laboratory Animals. (2). (MMCS 7006-8006). Care and use of live vertebrate animals in research and teaching. Students must enroll in this course before working with live vertebrate animals; fulfills requirements of Federal Animal Welfare Act and NIH Guide. One lecture and two laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor.

7007-8007. Experimental Cell and Molecular Biology for Teachers. (4). (MMCS 7010). Developing inquiry-based laboratory activities to teach basic concepts of cell and molecular biology in middle and high school settings; includes basic concepts, fundamental laboratory skills, and methods for designing inquiry-based laboratory exercises. NOTE: May not be applied to degree requirements. Two lecture, six laboratory hours per week.

7010-8010. Principles and Methods of Systematic Biology. (3). Systematic philosophies and numerical methods developed to deal with systematic and taxonomic problems; discussions of international rules, concept of species, and the roles and aims of practicing systematists; projects designed to give practical experience in analyzing data. Two lecture, two laboratory hours per week.

7011-8011. Advanced Topics in Wetland Ecology. (3). Covers a range of current topics related to wetland science and issues at national and regional levels; includes site visits and case studies on selected wetlands. Two hours lecture and one laboratory/field component. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 4054/6054 or equivalent and permission of instructor.

7012-8012. Plant Ecophysiology. (3). Covers various topics on plant responses to environmental factors, effects of global climate changes on plant health and functioning, and techniques used to quantify environmental variables and plant responses. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 3230 or equivalent and permission of instructor.

7014-8014. Teaching Skills for Graduate Assistants. (3). (MMCS 7003-8003). Strategies and skills for effective college teaching; includes use of innovative approaches and computer-based instructional technology. May be repeated up to 12 credit hours. May not be applied to degree requirements.

7015-8015. Aquaculture. (3). Principles and procedures related to the culture of commercially important freshwater organisms under controlled conditions.

7016-8016. Molecular Systematics and Ecology. (3). Application of systematic and genetic theory to the understanding of part and present patterns and processes in animals, emphasizing laboratory analysis techniques to address a variety of questions on behaviornal, ecological, and evolutionary biology. Two 2-hour combined lab/lectures per week.

7017-8017. Current Topics in Evoluation. (1-3). Lecture, readings, discussion, and oral presentation on evolutionary biology. May be repeated for a maximum of 9 credit hours for PhD students; 6 credit hours for MS students. PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor.

7018-8018. Current Topics in Physiology. (1-3). Lecture, readings, discussion, and oral presentation on physiology. May be repeated for a maximum of 9 credit hours for PhD students; 6 credit hours for MS students. PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor.

7019-8019. Current Topics in Animal Behavior. (1-3). Lecture, readings, discussion and oral presentation on animal biology. May be repeated for a maximum of 9 credit hours for PhD students; 6 credit hours for MS students. PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor.

7020-8020. Current Topics in Ecology. (1-3). Lecture, readings, discussion , and oral presentation on ecology. May be repeated for a maximum of 9 credit hours for PhD students; 6 credit hours for MS students. PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor.

7031-8031. Cellular Physiology. (3). (MMCS 7031-8031). Cellular thermodynamics, membrane transport systems, ion channels, oxidative phosphorylation, electron transport, cytoskeleton and mechanochemical coupling systems. Three lecture hours per week.

7040-8040. Light Microscopy and Image Processing. (3). (MMCS 7040-8040). Light microscope optics, theory and practice of confocal microscopy, current techniques in fluorescence microscopy, digital image acquisition and processing. Lectures occasionally supplemented with demonstrations.

7051-8051. Vertebrate Cell Culture. (3) (MMCS 7051-8051). Theory, principles, and protocols in use of vertrebrate cell cultures and cell lines in biomedical research.

7080-8080. Public Health Microbiology. (3). Overview of the nature of diseases threatening the public health of contemporary societies covering fundamental microbiology; microbe-human interactions; and emerging microbial diseases, common food-borne diseases, and pathogens for bioterrorism.

†7092-8092. Research. (1-6). Consultation, reading, and laboratory work investigating selected topics in biology. Formal paper with review of literature and results of investigation required. Only 4 semester hours credit may be counted toward degree requirements.

7131-8131. Cell and Molecular Biology. (4). (MMCS 7131-8131). Introduction to principles of molecular biology as they apply to eukaryotic cells including transcription, translation, regulation of protein function, DNA replication, membrane biogenesis, secretion, hormone action, signal transduction, and ligand receptor interaction. Four lecture hours per week.

7135-8135. Protein Trafficking. (3). Modern thoeries of co-translational and post-translational protein targeting in eukaryotic cells to include function and evloution of classical trafficking pathway elements. PREREQUISITES: BIOL 3130 and BIOL 4512-6512.

7140-8140. Receptors and Signaling. (3). Develops state-of-the-art understanding of issues in cell receptors and signaling, covering receptor-ligand interations including methods of identification and quantification; emphasizes specific characteristics of G protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, and ligand-activate transcription factors including mechanisims of action and signaling pathways activated by each receptor.

†7200-8200. Seminar. (1). Student presentations of topics in biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, or microbiology. (Open to Biology students only.)

7250-8250. Community and Landscape Ecology. (4). Distributions of organisms on worldwide and local basis with emphasis on factors influencing distribution and growth. Two lecture, four laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 3050 or consent of the instructor.

7290-8290. Molecular Computing. (3). (MMCS 7290-8290). (Same as COMP 7290-8290). Basics of cell biology and genetics (DNA structure and enzymes, replication, and translation); feasible DNA-based solution of hard computational problems; issues in the design of molecular computers; foundations of nanotechnology. PREREQUISITE: COMP 6030 or permission of instructor.

7331-8331. Photosynthesis. (2). (MMCS 7331-8331). Lectures and readings on modern theory of photosynthesis; includes such topics as chloroplast structure and function; chemistry and photo-chemistry of chlorophyll; influence of external factors on rate of photosynthesis, absorption, fluorescence, and luminescence; energy storage; efficiency; carbon fixation; photosynthesis in cell extracts; phosphorylation. Two lecture hours per week.

7335-8335. Hormones and Behavior. (3). Examines the relationship between endocrinology and behavior in animals and humans and how this relationship underlies survival and reproduction. PREREQUISITE: Endocrinology (BIOL 4630-6630) or permission of instructor.

7340-8340. Behavioral Ecology. (3). Examines the influence of natural selection on animals’ ability to exploit resources, avoid predators, secure mates, rear offspring, and communicate with conspecifics.

7350-8350. Evolutionary Ecology. (3). Provides the basic foundation for applying genetic and evolutionary theory to the ecology of plants and animals; emphasis on genetic and phenotypic adaptations of plants and animals to their environment.

7360-8360. Plant and Environment. (3). Discusses plant responses to environmental changes and potential effects of global climate changes on plant health and function. Two lecture, two laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITES: plant physiology (BIOL 3230 or equivalent), plant ecology (BIOL 4053-6053 or equivalent), or permission of instructor.

7370-8370. Current Topics in Wetland Ecology and Management. (3). A wide range of topics relating to wetland science and issues at national and regional levels, including wetland classification, hydrology, and biochemistry, with special emphasis on regional bottomland forests. Two lecture, two laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITES: wetland ecology (BIOL 4054-6054) or equivalent or permission of instructor.

7400-8400. Comparative Immunology. (3). (MMCS 7400-8400). Phylogenesis and development of the defensive immune systems of invertebrates and the vertebrate classes. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 6445.

7440-8440. Molecular Biology of Cancer. (3). Introduction to molecular basis of cancer, cancer therapy and prevention; includes disease-, chemical carcinogen-, and viral-based views of cancer process; surveys modern tools for identifying cancer susceptibiligy genes and classifying tumors. PREREQUISITES: BIOL 4503-6503 or BIOL 4470-6470, or permission of instructor.

7464-8464. Advanced Immunology. (4). (MMCS 7464-8464). Selected topics and laboratories in molecular and cellular immunology, immunobiology, tumor immunology, and medical aspects of immunology. Three lecture, two laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITES: BIOL 6445 and 6511 or their equivalent.

7470-8470. Advanced Bacterial Genetics. (3). (MMCS 7470-8470). Advanced studies in the molecular basis of bacterial genetics; including mutation and bacterial repair systems, complementation analysis, recombination, gene transfer mechanisms, gene conversion and marker effects, insertional elements, phase variation, and bacteriophage genetics. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 6470 or equivalent.

7500-09–8500-09. Special Topics in Biochemistry. (1-3). (MMCS 7500-09–8500-09). (Same as CHEM 7500-09-8500-09). Lectures and conferences covering selected areas of current interest, including enzymology, protein and nucleic acid chemistry, physical chemistry of biochemical macromolecules, lipid, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, biochemical energetics, and metabolic regulation. May be repeated for a maximum of 12 hours. PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor.

7530-8530. Bacterial Physiology. (4). (MMCS 7530-8530). Bacterial physiology including growth, nutrition, biosynthesis, biodegradation, and adaptation.

7550-8550. Food and Industrial Toxicology. (3). (MMCS 7550-8550). Principles and methodology of genotoxicity; assessment of toxic substances in animal and plant foodstuffs, and in industrial wastes; fungal and bacterial contaminants, food additives, and food processing; biotransformation and health impacts are emphasized.

†7600-8600. Seminar in Biology. (1). Selected topics in the biological sciences. Credit is earned when the results of the student’s thesis work is presented.

7610-8610. Environmental Effects on Development. (2). Environment-gene interactions and developmental plasticity; evolutionary, physiological, morphological, and ecological consequences of these interactions. Two lecture hours per week.

7700-40–8700-40. Special Topics in Biology. (1-4). Current topics of special interest in biology. PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor.

7750-8750. Population Ecology. (4). Examination and quantification of the processes that influence population dynamics. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 3050 or equivalent.

7751-8751. Conservation Biology. (4). Application of biological principles towards the conservation of natural systems and the organisms they contain. Two lecture, four laboratory hours per week. PREREQUISITE: Permission of the instructor.

†7996. Thesis. (1-6).

†8103. Dissertation Proposal. (3). (MMCS 8100). Preparation of a dissertation project proposal in the NIH grant format and an oral defense of the proposal. PREREQUISITE: BIOL doctoral student.

†8200. Seminar in Biology. (1). Selected topics in biological sciences. Credit is earned when a seminar on the dissertation problem and research is presented to the department during the second year of the doctoral program.

†9000. Doctoral Research and Dissertation. (1-10). The dissertation must be an independent research project applying a mastery of the techniques of scientific research. It must be a distinct and new contribution to the body of scientific knowledge. Minimum total of 18 hours is required.

The courses listed below are taught at the Gulf Coast Research Lab, Ocean Springs, Mississippi. The University of Memphis residence credit is given through affiliation with the laboratory.

6010. Aquaculture. (6). Technology, principles, and problems relating to the science of aquaculture; emphasis on culture of marine species. PREREQUISITES: 16 hours of zoology including invertebrate and vertebrate zoology or ichthyology.

6020. Comparative Histology of Marine Organisms. (1-6). Histological organization of representative marine organisms; fixation, processing, and study of tissues using light microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy; structural changes and physiological changes during life cycle of organism including histopathology. PREREQUISITES: Permission of instructor.

6051. Marine Ecology. (5). Relationship of marine organisms to their environment; effects of temperature, salinity, light, nutrient concentration, currents, food, and competition on abundance and distribution of marine organisms. PREREQUISITES: 16 hours of biology including general zoology, general botany, and invertebrate zoology.

6057. Salt Marsh Plant Ecology. (4). Botanical aspects of local marshes; plant identification, composition, structure, distribution, and development of coastal marshes; biological and physical interrelationships; primary productivity and relation of marshes to estuaries and associated fauna. PREREQUISITES: General botany, plant taxonomy, plant physiology, and general ecology or consent of instructor.

6200. Marine Botany. (4). Local examples of the principal groups of marine algae and maritime flowering plants, treating structure, reproduction, distribution, identification and ecology. PREREQUISITE: Ten hours of biology, including introductory botany, or consent of instructor.

6300. Coastal Vegetation. (3). General and specific aspects of coastal vegetation, with emphasis on local examples. PREREQUISITES: 10 hours of biology, including general botany.

6500. Marine Microbiology. (5). Role of microorganisms in the overall ecology of the oceans and estuaries. PREREQUISITES: General microbiology and environmental microbiology or consent of instructor.

6600. Marine Vertebrate Zoology and Ichthyology. (6). Marine Chordata, including lower groups and the mammals and birds, with most emphasis on the fishes. PREREQUISITES: 16 hours of zoology including comparative anatomy or consent of the instructor.

6610. Early Life History of Marine Fishes. (4). Reproductive strategies and developmental processes of marine fishes; temporal and spatial distribution patterns, population dynamics, and ecological interactions of fish eggs and larvae; methods of sampling and identifying eggs and larvae. PREREQUISITES: Ichthyology, fisheries biology, ecology, and/or consent of instructor.

6646. Marine Fisheries Management. (4). Overview of practical marine fishery management problems. PREREQUISITES: Consent of instructor.

6700. Behavior and Neurobiology of Marine Animals. (4). Behavior, neuroanatomy, and neurophysiology of marine animals; emphasis on the neural mechanisms underlying behavior of selected invertebrates, fishes, birds, and mammals. PREREQUISITES: 16 hours of zoology and or psychology or consent of instructor.

6800. Marine Invertebrate Zoology. (6). Important free-living, marine and estuarine invertebrates of Mississippi Sound and adjacent continental shelf of northeastern Gulf of Mexico; emphasis on structure, classification, phylogenetic relationships, larval development, and functional processes. PREREQUISITES: 16 hours of zoology including introductory invertebrate zoology.

6844. Parasites of Marine Animals. (6). Parasites of marine animals with emphasis on morphology, taxonomy, life histories, and host parasite relationships. Lecture, laboratory and field work. PREREQUISITES: General parasitology or consent of the instructor.

6850. Fauna and Faunistic Ecology of Tidal Marshes. (4). Taxonomy, distribution, trophic relationships, reproductive strategies, and adaptation of tidal marsh animals; emphasis on those occurring in northern Gulf marshes. PREREQUISITES: 16 hours of biology and junior standing or consent of instructor.

†7093. Problems in Zoology. (3-6). Supervised research on specific problems in marine zoology for graduates. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 6800 or 6600.

†Grades of S, U, or IP will be given.